has property of interest
inverse of: is property of interest of
domain: Feature of interest
comment: Links a feature of interest to one of its properties of interest.
range: Property of Interest
history note: V3.2.1: Introduced saref:hasPropertyOfInterest and saref:isPropertyOfInterestOf. Cannot use saref:hasProperty due to the combination of cardinality restrictions and sub-property chain axioms makes the ontology exist the OWL 2 DL prodile.
type: ObjectProperty

Feature of interest
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Feature of interest
  on property: consists of
comment: A feature of interest represents any real world entity from which a property or a state may be targeted, such as observed and controlled. An instance of saref:FeatureOfInterest represents one specific real world entity.
type: Class
history note: V3.2.1: Definition of saref:FeatureOfInterest: allValuesFrom axioms are unnecessary and have been deleted.
history note: V3.2.1: Definition of saref:FeatureOfInterest is clarified, not only properties are measured, but properties and states can be observed and controlled.
history note: V3.2.1: Definition of saref:FeatureOfInterest: Clarify it's a specific real world entity.

has property kind
domain: Property of Interest
comment: links a property of interest to its kind, a property.
range: Property
property chain axiom: has property kind
property chain axiom: broader
type: ObjectProperty

produces
inverse of: is produced by
comment: Links a feature kind, feature of interest, or device, to the commodity it produces
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Class
  union of: Feature kinds
  union of: Feature of interest
  union of: Device kinds
  union of: Device
range: Commodity

has state value
domain: Class
  union of: Feature kinds
  union of: Feature of interest
  union of: State of Interest
comment: Links a feature kind, a feature of interest, or a state of interest, to a state value.
range: State Value
history note: V4.1.1: Introduced saref:hasStateValue.
property chain axiom: broader
property chain axiom: has state value
type: ObjectProperty

Property Value
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has value
  max cardinality: 1
subclass of:
  all values from: Class
    union of: Feature kinds
    union of: Property
    union of: State
    union of: Property of Interest
    union of: State of Interest
    union of: Feature of interest
    union of: Property Value
    union of: State Value
  on property: consists of
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is measured in
  max cardinality: 1
comment: Describes the value for a property. The property value is optionally linked to its value expressed as an RDF literal (DP saref:hasValue), optionally to the unit of measurement (OP saref:isMeasuredIn), and optionally to the properties or properties of interest it is a value of (OP saref:isValueOfProperty).
history note: V3.2.1: Introduced saref:PropertyValue to simplify the association of a measure to a property, without always needing it to be a measurement made by a device.
history note: V4.1.1: saref:hasValue is now optional on saref:PropertyValue.
type: Class

SAREF: the Smart Applications REFerence ontology
preferred namespace prefix: saref
creator: lauradaniele
creator: me#
creator: me
creator: mpoveda
creator: bouterca
creator: giulia-biagioni
creator: david-gnabasik-0056a0ba
publisher: www.etsi.org
version info: v4.1.1
issued: 2024-10-31
source: saref-core
version IRI: v4.1.1
modified: 2024-03-06
description: The Smart Applications REFerence ontology (SAREF) is intended to enable interoperability between solutions from different providers and among various activity sectors in the Internet of Things (IoT), thus contributing to the development of the global digital market.
comment: Information about changes to version 3.1.1: NOTE: In some cases, references have been added to indicate the issue in the ETSI Forge (https://saref.etsi.org/sources/saref-core/issues) where the change was discussed and implemented. - Added the saref:FeatureOfInterest class and the properties used to relate it to saref:Measurement (saref:hasMeasurement and saref:isMeasurementOf) and to saref:Property (saref:hasProperty and saref:isPropertyOf). - Added the saref:measurementMadeBy property as inverse of saref:makesMeasurement. - The saref:relatesToProperty and saref:relatesToMeasurement properties are now inverse of each other. - The range of saref:hasValue, which was defined as xsd:float, has been removed to support other datatypes for measurements. - The range of datatype properties, which was defined as xsd:string, has been removed in order to support strings with language tags (rdf:langString). This affects saref:hasDescription, saref:hasManufacturer, saref:hasModel and saref:hasName, which now have implicitly a range of rdfs:Literal. - The saref:hasName property has been removed and the use of rdfs:label is recommended. - The saref:hasDescription property has been deprecated and the use of rdfs:comment is recommended. - Too restrictive restrictions have been removed and in some cases the ontology documentation has been updated to reflect this: a saref:Command having at most one saref:hasDescription; a saref:Task being accomplished by at least one saref:Device; a saref:Device having a typical consumption of only energy or power; a saref:Commodity being measured in units of measure; restrictions on the values of saref:accomplishes that only covered specific use cases; universal restrictions on the saref:actsUpon property have been changed to existential ones; restrictions on the commands that a saref:Function may have, since there could be others not included in the defined enumerations; restrictive documentation of saref:EventFunction and saref:SmokeSensor. - Bugs h…
comment: Information about changes to version 2.1.1: - The classes and properties related to how to represent devices in building spaces (such as the saref:BuildingSpace class, saref:BuildingObject class and saref:isLocatedIn property) have been removed from SAREF and incorporated into the SAREF4BLDG extension related to buildings, including the reuse of the W3C? WGS84 geo positioning vocabulary. - The saref:DeviceCategory and saref:FunctionCategory classes have been removed. Instead, the hierarchy of device categories has been implemented directly as subclasses of the saref:Device class. - The information specific for energy efficiency has been moved to the SAREF4ENER extension. For example, the saref:Profile class has been redefined to accommodate only the properties that are general enough for any type of profile, not only for energy and power. Details on how to specifically model a power profile can be found in the SAREF4ENER extension. - The subclasses of the saref:Energy class have been removed (i.e., Average Energy, Maximum Energy, Minimum Energy, Total Energy, HVAC Energy, Hot Water Energy and Lighting Energy). - The saref:Property class has been split into two classes (saref:Property and saref:Measurement), as it is done in the SAREF4ENVI extension, in order to properly accommodate the distinction between the concept of property (an observable quality of something) and the concept of measurement (a concrete value observed for a property). - Too restrictive cardinality restrictions have been revised, sometimes making them optional rather than mandatory (better to make properties mandatory in the extensions that specialize SAREF for a specific purpose, rather than restricting SAREF, whose purpose is more general). For example, definitions of units of measurement using an enumeration (owl:oneOf) were too restrictive because they did not allow using other units than those enumerated. Therefore, the individuals of each class are still there, but the owl:oneOf enumeration…
comment: Information about changes to version 3.2.1: NOTE: Rationale and decisions for many of the changes in V3.2.1 are available in issues in project https://saref.etsi.org/sources/saref-core/issues. - Definition of saref:FeatureOfInterest is clarified, not only properties are measured, but properties and states can be observed and controlled. - Definition of saref:FeatureOfInterest: Clarify it is a specific real world entity. - Definition of saref:FeatureOfInterest: allValuesFrom axioms are unnecessary and have been deleted. - Introduced class saref:FeatureKind - Use SKOS to organize generic classes in taxonomies. - Introduce hasClassKind for Class is Feature, Device, Property, State, Function, Command. - Add local restrictions on consistsOf on feature of interest - Defined domain of saref:hasManufacturer to union of feature kind and feature of interest. - Defined domain of saref:hasModel to union of feature kind and feature of interest. - Most axioms on saref:Device were useless and have been deleted. - definition of saref:Device clarifies it is a real world entity. - saref:Device is explicitly a subclass of saref:FeatureOfInterest and s4syst:System. - saref:actsUpon now holds not only between a command and a state. It generalizes actsUpon, observes, controls. Domain and range are unions of several classes. - Introduced property saref:isActedUponBy. - Introduced property saref:observes, as sub-property of saref:actsUpon. and generalization of measures. - Introduced property saref:controls, as sub-property of saref:actsUpon. and generalization of saref:controlsProperty. - Introduced property saref:isControlledBy. - saref:measuresProperty is deprecated: will be deleted in the next release of SAREF - saref:isMeasuredByDevice is deprecated: will be deleted in the next release of SAREF - saref:isControlledByDevice is deprecated: will be deleted in the next release of SAREF - saref:controlsProperty is deprecated: will be deleted in the next release of SAREF - Definition of sar…
comment: Information about changes to version 4.1.1: NOTE: Rationale and decisions for many of the changes in V4.1.1 are available in issues in project https://labs.etsi.org/rep/saref/saref-core/-/milestones/3#tab-issues - Deprecated classes and properties have been deleted - Reworded definition of saref:Sensor and saref:Meter - saref:hasValue is now optional on saref:PropertyValue - improved parallel between Property and State descriptions - introduced saref:StateValue - Removed examples of commodity categories - Added notes and examples in multiple sections - Added clause 5.14 about composite properties - Reworked figures throughout the document - Added migration guide from V3.1.1 to V4.1.1 - Updated the oneM2M base ontology to SAREF mapping - Added principle on generic versus specific entities distinction - Added references to EN 303 760
license: etsi-software-license
type: Ontology
prior version: v3.2.1

Device
subclass of: System
subclass of: Feature of interest
comment: A tangible object designed to accomplish a particular task. In order to accomplish this task, the device performs one or more functions. An instance of saref:Device represents one specific real world entity.
type: Class
history note: V3.2.1: saref:Device is explicitly a subclass of saref:FeatureOfInterest and s4syst:System.
history note: V3.2.1: definition of saref:Device clarifies it's a real world entity.
history note: V3.2.1: Most axioms on saref:Device were useless and have been deleted.
example: For example, a washing machine is designed to wash (task) and to accomplish this task it performs a start and stop function.
example: Examples of devices are a light switch, a temperature sensor, an energy meter, a water flow meter, and a laundry dryer. A laundry dryer is designed to dry laundry, and to accomplish this task it has a start/stop function.

is function of interest of
inverse of: has function of interest
domain: Function of Interest
comment: Links a function of interest to the device it is a function of.
range: Device
type: FunctionalProperty
type: ObjectProperty

has command
inverse of: is command of
domain: Class
  union of: Function
  union of: Function of Interest
comment: Links a function or function of interest and the command it supports.
range: Command
type: ObjectProperty
history note: V3.2.1: Domain of saref:hasCommand is relaxed to saref:Function or saref:FunctionOfInterest.
property chain axiom: has feature kind
property chain axiom: has mandatory command
property chain axiom: has command of interest
property chain axiom: has command kind

Meter
subclass of: Device
subclass of: Restriction
  min cardinality: 1
  on property: observes
comment: A device designed to observe and additionally do some computation and/or display one or more properties of one or more features of interest.
type: Class
history note: V3.2.1: Definition of Meter is simplified and grounded on saref:observes. Local restriction on saref:hasFunction is deleted.
history note: V4.1.1: Definition of Sensor and Meter are updated to better distinguish one from the other.

has function kind
domain: Function of Interest
comment: links a function of interest to its kind, a function
range: Function
property chain axiom: has function kind
property chain axiom: broader
type: ObjectProperty

targets
domain: Class
  union of: Device kinds
  union of: Device
  union of: Function
  union of: Function of Interest
  union of: Command
  union of: Command Of Interest
  union of: Procedure Execution
comment: Links a device, function, command, or procedure execution, to the feature, property, or state, it targets.
range: Class
  union of: Feature kinds
  union of: Feature of interest
  union of: Property
  union of: Property of Interest
  union of: State
  union of: State of Interest
history note: V4.1.1: saref:actsUpon is renamed saref:targets.
history note: V3.2.1: saref:actsUpon now holds not only between a command and a state. It generalizes observes, observes, controls. Domain and range are unions of several classes.
type: ObjectProperty

Function of Interest
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is function of interest of
  cardinality: 1
comment: Logical groups of commands that devices support to accomplish their tasks. Function can target (OP saref:targets and its sub-properties) features, properties, or states. An instance of saref:FunctionOfInterest is supported by exactly one device.
history note: V3.2.1: Introduced saref:FunctionOfInterest, parallel to saref:PropertyOfInterest.
note: A function of interest is the function of (OP saref:isFunctionOfInterestOf) exactly one device.
note: Functions of interest need not always be explicited. It depends on the use case. Typically, functions of interest are useful to specify which command is actually exposed, and which actual property of interest or state of interest it targets.
type: Class

has version
comment: Links some entity (e.g., a device) to its version.
range: string
type: DatatypeProperty

Operation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is operation of
  cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Class
    union of: Command
    union of: Command Of Interest
  on property: represents
subclass of: Restriction
  min qualified cardinality: 1
  on class: Command Of Interest
  on property: represents
comment: A saref:Operation is the means of a service to communicate in a procedure-type manner over the network (i.e. transmit data to/from other devices). It is the –machine interpretable– exposure of a –human understandable– command to a network.
history note: V3.2.1: Introduced saref:Operation and associated properties from oneM2M base ontology.
note: Typically, a device connected to a given network offers one service for each of its functions of interest, and each service has one operation per command of interest of the function of interest it represents.
note: An operation may be described in terms of its inputs and outputs using OP saref:hasInput and saref:hasOutput. Inputs and outputs of operations typically describe the expected schema or shape of network messages.
example: In the set of operations exposed by a smart washing machine on a given network, one may be dedicated to set the water temperature for the washing cycle, and expected as input a enumerated value. Another one may be dedicated to start, pause, or stop the washing cycle.
example: To turn on a light, send a CoAP PUT request with CBOR content 0xf5 (true)
example: In the set of operations exposed by a smart light bulb on a given network, one may be dedicated to turn on and off the light and expect a boolean as input. Another one may be dedicated to set the luminosity status and expect a target luminosity level (a byte) and a transition time (encoded on two bytes).
type: Class

has price
domain: Profile
comment: Links a profile to the money earned (negative values) or paid (positive values) for the use (production or consumption) of the commodity by the device
range: Property Value
type: ObjectProperty

is execution of
domain: Procedure Execution
comment: Links a command execution to the command or command of interest that was executed. Also liks an operation execution to the operation that was executed
range: Class
  union of: Command
  union of: Command Of Interest
  union of: Operation
property chain axiom: is execution of
property chain axiom: broader
property chain axiom: has command kind
type: ObjectProperty

Service
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is offered by
  cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  min qualified cardinality: 1
  on class: Function of Interest
  on property: represents
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Class
    union of: Function
    union of: Function of Interest
  on property: represents
comment: A saref:Service is a digital representation of a function in a network, making it discoverable, registerable and remotely controllable in the network.
type: Class
history note: V3.2.1: Simplified definition of saref:Service. Added examples.
note: Typically, a device connected to a given network offers one service for each of its functions of interest.
example: For example, a light switch can offer the service of remotely switching the lights in a home through mobile phone devices that are connected to the local network (ex:SwitchOnService class). This "remote switching" service represents the ex:OnOffFunction.

has property
inverse of: is property of
domain: Class
  union of: Feature kinds
  union of: Feature of interest
comment: Links a feature kind or a feature of interest to one of its properties.
range: Property
type: ObjectProperty
history note: V3.2.1: applicability of saref:hasProperty is relaxed to also saref:FeatureKind
property chain axiom: has feature kind
property chain axiom: has property
property chain axiom: broader
property chain axiom: has property of interest
property chain axiom: has property kind
property chain axiom: consists of

is target of
inverse of: targets
domain: Class
  union of: Feature kinds
  union of: Feature of interest
  union of: Property
  union of: Property of Interest
  union of: State
  union of: State of Interest
comment: Links a feature, property, or state, to the device, function, command, or procedure execution, that targets it.
range: Class
  union of: Device kinds
  union of: Device
  union of: Function
  union of: Function of Interest
  union of: Command
  union of: Command Of Interest
  union of: Procedure Execution
history note: V3.2.1: Introduced property saref:isActedUponBy.
history note: V4.1.1: Renamed property saref:isActedUponBy into saref:isTargetOf.
type: ObjectProperty

Sensor
subclass of: Device
subclass of: Restriction
  min cardinality: 1
  on property: observes
comment: A device designed to observe and measure one or more properties or states of one or more features of interest.
type: Class
history note: V3.2.1: Definition of Sensor is simplified and grounded on saref:observes. Local restriction on saref:hasFunction is deleted.
history note: V4.1.1: Definition of Sensor and Meter are updated to better distinguish one from the other.

is consumed by
inverse of: consumes
comment: Links a commodity to the feature kind, feature of interest, or device, that consumes it
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Commodity
range: Class
  union of: Feature kinds
  union of: Feature of interest
  union of: Device kinds
  union of: Device

observes
inverse of: is observed by
domain: Class
  union of: Device kinds
  union of: Sensor
  union of: Function
  union of: Function of Interest
  union of: Command
  union of: Command Of Interest
  union of: Observation
comment: Links a device, function, command, or procedure execution, to the feature, property, or state, it observes.
history note: V3.2.1: Introduced property saref:observes, as sub-property of saref:targets. and generalization of measures.
sub property of: targets
type: ObjectProperty

is offered by
inverse of: offers
domain: Service
comment: Links a service to the device that exposes it to a network
range: Device
type: ObjectProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
history note: V3.2.1: Clarified definition of saref:isOfferedBy.

has feature kind
domain: Feature of interest
comment: links a feature of interest to its kind, a feature kind
range: Feature kinds
history note: V3.2.1: Introduce hasClassKind for Class is Feature, Device, Property, State, Function, Command.
property chain axiom: has feature kind
property chain axiom: broader
type: ObjectProperty

has optional command
domain: Function
comment: Links a function and one of its optional commands
sub property of: has command
type: ObjectProperty

Profile
comment: A saref:Profile describes the money earned (negative values) or paied (positive values) for the use (production or consumption) of a commodity by a device in a certain context.
type: Class
history note: V3.2.1: Class saref:Profile has been re-specified, to take into account findings from SAREF4ENER V1.2.1.
note: The applicable context can be restricted to when a feature of interest has a certain state (OPs saref:whenState).
note: The applicable context can be restricted to when the property of a feature of interest has some value (OPs saref:whenPropertyValue)
note: OP saref:hasPrice links a profile to the money earned (negative values) or paid (positive values) for the use (production or consumption) of the commodity by the device.
note: The applicable context of a profile can be bound temporally using DP saref:hasTimestamp or its subproperties defined by SAREF extensions, or OP saref:hasApplicableTime which links to instant or interval or other compound temporal entity expressed using OWL Time.
note: OP saref:hasProfile links a device to its profile. The device should be linked to a certain commodity using OP saref:consumes, saref:produces, or saref:stores, and optionally to some property or state using OP saref:targets or its sub-properties.

has state
domain: Class
  union of: Feature kinds
  union of: Feature of interest
  union of: State of Interest
comment: Links a feature kind or a feature of interest to one of its states.
range: State
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is state of
history note: V3.2.1: Relaxed domain of saref:hasState.
property chain axiom: has state of interest
property chain axiom: has state kind
property chain axiom: broader
property chain axiom: has state
property chain axiom: has feature kind

Property
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Property
  on property: narrower
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Property
  on property: broader
subclass of:
  all values from: Class
    union of: Feature kinds
    union of: Property
    union of: State
  on property: consists of
comment: Identifiable qualities of features of interest that can be target of devices, such as observed or controlled. A property can apply to different features of interest.
type: Class
history note: V3.2.1: The definition and scope of usage for saref:Property is clarified. Axiomatization is simplified.
history note: Until SAREF V3.1.1, there was an ambiguity between whether properties should be specific or generic to features of interest. This ambiguity has been solved in SAREF V3.2.1, and the new modeling will be enforced in the next major revision of SAREF.
note: Concepts from existing code lists, vocabularies, and taxonomies, may be used as instances of saref:Property.
example: Air temperature, pressure, luminance, etc. are all properties.
example: Two examples using the QUDT Quantity Kind vocabulary, and the British Oceanographic Data Centre Parameter Usage Vocabulary. <https://qudt.org/2.1/vocab/quantitykind/ActiveEnergy> a saref:Property ; rdfs:label "Active Energy"@en ; rdfs:comment ""Active Energy" is the electrical energy transformable into some other form of energy."@en . <http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P01/current/CDTSZZ01/> a saref:Property ; skos:prefLabel "Absolute temperature standard deviation of the atmosphere by dry bulb thermometer"@en .

State
comment: Identifiable conditions that features of interest are or may be in, and that can be target of devices, such as observed and controlled. A state can apply to different features of interest.
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: State
  on property: narrower
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: State
  on property: broader
history note: V3.2.1: Clarified and generalized definition of saref:State. Can now apply to all features of interest, not just devices.
note: Concepts from existing code lists, vocabularies, and taxonomies, may be used as instances of saref:State.
note: SAREF is not restricted to binary states such as the ex:OnOffState, but allows to define also enumerated states.
example: A switch can be found in the saref:OnOffState.

is operation of
inverse of: has operation
domain: Operation
comment: Links an operation to the service it belongs to.
range: Service
type: FunctionalProperty
type: ObjectProperty

is value of property
domain: Property Value
comment: Links a property value to the property or property of interest it is a value of.
range: Class
  union of: Feature kinds
  union of: Feature of interest
  union of: Property
  union of: Property of Interest
history note: V3.2.1: Introduced saref:isValueOfProperty.
property chain axiom: is value of property
property chain axiom: has property kind
type: ObjectProperty

has function
domain: Class
  union of: Feature kinds
  union of: Feature of interest
comment: Links a feature kind or a device to one of its functions.
range: Function
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is function of
history note: V3.2.1: Domain of saref:hasFunction is relaxed.
property chain axiom: has function of interest
property chain axiom: has function kind
property chain axiom: has device kind
property chain axiom: has function
property chain axiom: broader

Property of Interest
subclass of:
  all values from: Class
    union of: Feature kinds
    union of: Property
    union of: State
    union of: Property of Interest
    union of: State of Interest
  on property: consists of
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is property of interest of
  cardinality: 1
comment: Identifiable qualities of features of interest that can be target of devices, such as observed or controlled. An instance of saref:PropertyOfInterest is specific to a feature of interest. It is inherent to and cannot exist without that feature of interest.
history note: V3.2.1: Introduced saref:PropertyOfInterest to solved the ambiguity between generic vs specific properties.
note: A property of interest is the property of (OP saref:isPropertyOfInterestOf) exactly one feature of interest.
note: Per convention, the IRI of properties of interest should consist of the IRI of their feature of interest, suffixed with a fragment identifier #{P} where {P} refers to the name of the property.
note: Properties of interest need not always be explicited. It depends on the use case. Typically, properties of interest are useful in applications, where the association between a feature of interest and a property (i.e., the property of interest) needs to be identified and related to other properties of interest.
example: The air temperature of the atmosphere sample at a certain location and altitude, the received signal strength indicator of an wireless IoT connection, the luminance of the ETSI ATHENA amphitheatre. <etsi_premises/athena#luminance> a saref:PropertyOfInterest ; saref:isPropertyOfInterestOf <etsi_premises/athena> ; saref:hasPropertyKind saref:Luminance ; rdfs:comment "The luminance of amphitheatre ATHENA"@en .
type: Class

has function of interest
inverse of: is function of interest of
domain: Device
comment: Links a device to one of its functions of interest.
range: Function of Interest
type: ObjectProperty

made execution
inverse of: made by
domain: Feature of interest
comment: Links an entity (e.g., device) to the procedure execution it made.
range: Procedure Execution
type: ObjectProperty

is stored by
inverse of: stores
comment: Links a commodity to the feature kind, feature of interest, or device, that stores it
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Commodity
range: Class
  union of: Feature kinds
  union of: Feature of interest
  union of: Device kinds
  union of: Device

Device kinds
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Feature kinds
  on property: broader
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Feature kinds
  on property: narrower
subclass of: Feature kinds
comment: Device kinds allow to describe kinds of devices, with common properties and common states having the same value, targeting the same properties and states, common functions, and common services. Devices kinds may be used to describe models of devices in online catalogues.
history note: V4.1.1: Introduced class saref:DeviceKind
history note: V4.1.1: Use SKOS to organize generic classes in taxonomies.
type: Class

has model
comment: A relationship identifying the model of an entity (e.g., device). The value is expected to be a string or a string with language tag.
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Class
  union of: Feature kinds
  union of: Feature of interest
history note: V3.2.1: Defined domain of saref:hasModel to union of feature kind and feature of interest.

has applicable time
comment: Links an entity (e.g., a profile) to an instant or interval or other compound temporal entity expressed using OWL Time, which bounds temporally the applicable context of that entity.
range: Class
  union of: TemporalEntity
  union of: TemporalPosition
type: ObjectProperty

Command
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Command
  on property: broader
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Command
  on property: narrower
comment: The lowest-level directives a function exposes to some network. Commands can target (OP saref:targets and its sub-properties) features, properties, or states. An instance of saref:Command is independent of any device.
type: Class
history note: V3.2.1: Simplified definition and axiomatization of saref:Command. Added examples.
example: Observe property, control property, observe state, control state, invoke action, cancel action, turn on or off, change color, subscribe, publish, etc. are all commands.

has property value
domain: Class
  union of: Feature kinds
  union of: Feature of interest
  union of: Property of Interest
comment: Links a feature kind, a feature of interest, or a property of interest, to a property value.
range: Property Value
history note: V3.2.1: Introduced saref:hasPropertyValue.
property chain axiom: broader
property chain axiom: has property value
type: ObjectProperty

offers
domain: Device
comment: Links a device to a service it exposes to a network.
range: Service
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is offered by
history note: V3.2.1: Clarified definition of saref:offers.

consists of
comment: A relationship indicating a composite entity that consists of other entities (e.g., a temperature/humidity sensor that consists of a temperature sensor and a humidity sensor)
type: ObjectProperty
history note: V3.2.1: Add local restrictions on consistsOf on feature of interest
note: A feature kind (respectively a feature of interest) may consist of (OP saref:consistsOf) other feature kinds (respectively feature kinds or features of interest).
note: The OP saref:consistsOf can link a composite property, property of interest, or property value to its individual components.
property chain axiom: consists of
property chain axiom: is value of property
property chain axiom: has property kind
property chain axiom: is value of state
property chain axiom: has feature kind
property chain axiom: has state kind

has command kind
domain: Command Of Interest
comment: links a command of interest to its kind, a command.
range: Command
property chain axiom: has command kind
property chain axiom: broader
type: ObjectProperty

is property of
domain: Property
comment: Links a property to the feature kind or feature of interest it is a property of.
range: Class
  union of: Feature kinds
  union of: Feature of interest
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: has property

Unit of measure
comment: The unit of measure is a standard for measurement of a quantity, such as a Property.
type: Class
note: Concepts from existing code lists, vocabularies, and taxonomies, may be used as instances of saref:UnitOfMeasure. For example the QUDT Unit vocabulary
note: Our definition is based on the definition of unit of measure in the Ontology of units of Measure (OM).
example: For example, consumption power is a property and Watt is a unit of power that represents a definite predetermined power: when we say 10 Watt, we actually mean 10 times the definite predetermined power "Watt".

is produced by
inverse of: produces
comment: Links a commodity to the feature kind, feature of interest, or device, that produces it
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Commodity
range: Class
  union of: Feature kinds
  union of: Feature of interest
  union of: Device kinds
  union of: Device

Function
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Function
  on property: broader
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Function
  on property: narrower
comment: Logical groups of commands that devices support to accomplish their tasks. Function can target (OP saref:targets and its sub-properties) features, properties, or states. An instance of saref:Function can apply to different devices.
type: Class
history note: V3.2.1: Simplified definition and axiomatization of saref:Function. Added examples.
example: To accomplish the task of washing clothes, a washing machine should have a function for washing.
example: To accomplish the task of controlling the light, a smart light switch may have a function for turning on and off the light, and another to set the luminosity of the light.
example: To accomplish the task of sensing the temperature, a temperature sensor should have a sensing function.

Feature kinds
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Feature kinds
  on property: narrower
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Feature kinds
  on property: consists of
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Feature kinds
  on property: broader
comment: Feature kinds allow to describe kinds of features of interest, with common properties having the same value, and common states being the same. An instance of saref:FeatureKind represents an archetype of real world entities, for example to populate product catalogs.
history note: V3.2.1: Introduced class saref:FeatureKind
history note: V3.2.1: Use SKOS to organize generic classes in taxonomies.
type: Class

when state
domain: Profile
comment: Links a profile to a state that contributes to restricting its applicable context.
range: State
type: ObjectProperty

Command Of Interest
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is command of interest of
  cardinality: 1
comment: The lowest-level directives a device supports and exposes to some network. Commands can target (OP saref:targets and its sub-properties) features, properties, or states. A saref:CommandOfInterest is a directives actually supported by a device and exposed to some network.
history note: V3.2.1: Introduced saref:CommandOfInterest, parallel to saref:PropertyOfInterest.
note: Commands of interest need not always be explicited. It depends on the use case. Typically, commands of interest are useful to specify the actual property of interest or state of interest that is expected as input parameter, output, or that will be targeted.
note: Like for commands, commands of interest may be described in terms of their input parameters, outputs, and which properties or states they target.
example: The corridor smart light switch supports a command of kind “turn on/off”, which controls the state of the outdoor light.
example: The smart fridge supports a command of kind “observe temperature”, which observes the temperature of the fridge.
type: Class

is measured in
comment: A relationship identifying the unit of measure used for a certain entity.
range: Unit of measure
type: ObjectProperty
history note: V3.2.1: Relaxed domain of saref:isMeasuredIn so it can apply to saref:PropertyValue as well as saref:Measurement. The new range will be enforced in the next major revision of SAREF.

Actuation
subclass of: Procedure Execution
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Actuator
  on property: made by
subclass of: Restriction
  min cardinality: 1
  on property: controls
comment: A saref:Actuation is the act of carrying out a procedure to control the state of the world using an actuator. It links to an actuator to describe what made the actuation, and to the controlled feature, property, property of interest, state, or state of interest. Typically, its input is a property value or a state. An actuation of a state (OP saref:controls) should have a state as input (OP saref:hasInput). Respectively, an actuation of a property should have a property value as input.
type: Class

has command of interest
inverse of: is command of interest of
domain: Function of Interest
comment: Links a function of interest to one of its commands of interest.
range: Command Of Interest
type: ObjectProperty

consumes
inverse of: is consumed by
comment: Links a feature kind, feature of interest, or device, to the commodity it consumes
history note: V3.2.1: Introduced saref:consumes, saref:isConsumedBy, saref:produces, saref:isProducedBy, saref:stores, saref:isStoredBy.
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Class
  union of: Feature kinds
  union of: Feature of interest
  union of: Device kinds
  union of: Device
range: Commodity

has value
comment: Value of a property value expressed as an RDF literal. Note that, even if decimal values are expected, values could use other datatypes.
type: DatatypeProperty
history note: V3.2.1: Clarified definition of saref:hasValue.

has phenomenon time
comment: Links a procedure execution to the time that the result applies. It may be an interval or an instant, or some other compound temporal entity expressed using OWL Time.
range: TemporalEntity
history note: V3.2.1: Introduced saref:hasPhenomenonTime as part of general will to make SAREF and SOSA/SSN converge.
type: ObjectProperty

is command of
domain: Command
comment: Links a command and a function or function of interest that supports it.
range: Class
  union of: Function
  union of: Function of Interest
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: has command

is observed by
inverse of: observes
comment: Links a feature, property, or state, to the device, function, command, or procedure execution, that observes it.
sub property of: is target of
type: ObjectProperty

is accomplished by
domain: Task
comment: A relationship identifying an entity (e.g., a device) that can accomplish a task.
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: accomplishes

is state of interest of
inverse of: has state of interest
domain: State of Interest
comment: Links a state of interest to the feature of interest it is a state of.
range: Feature of interest
type: FunctionalProperty
type: ObjectProperty

Command Execution
subclass of: Procedure Execution
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Class
    union of: Command
    union of: Command Of Interest
  on property: is execution of
comment: Describes the execution of a command. Typically, its inputs and outputs are human understandable and relate to some feature of interest, such as its state (e.g., s4abcd:On), or the value of its temperature (e.g., property value 21.0 °C).
type: Class

Commodity
comment: A marketable item which may be supplied without qualitative differentiation.
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Commodity
  on property: narrower
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Commodity
  on property: broader
history note: V3.2.1: Definition of saref:Commodity is simplified.
history note: V4.1.1: Removed examples of commodity categories.
note: SAREF refers to energy commodities such as electricity, gas, coal and oil.
note: Concepts from existing code lists, vocabularies, and taxonomies, may be used as instances of saref:Commodity, for example from the ISDA taxonomy of commodities, the Standard International Energy product Classification (SIEC), the IRENA Energy Taxonomy or Wikidata.

is function of
inverse of: has function
domain: Function
comment: Links a function to the feature kind or device it is a function of.
range: Class
  union of: Feature kinds
  union of: Feature of interest
history note: V3.2.1: Introduced saref:isFunctionOf.
type: ObjectProperty

Observation
subclass of: Procedure Execution
subclass of: Restriction
  min cardinality: 1
  on property: observes
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Sensor
  on property: made by
comment: A saref:Observation is the act of carrying out a procedure to estimate or calculate a value of a property of a feature of interest, or a state of a feature of interest. It links to a sensor to describe what made the observation, and to the observed feature, property, property of interest, state, or state of interest. Typically, its result is a property value or a state. An observation of a state (OP saref:observes) should have a state as a result (OP saref:hasResult). Respectively, an observation of a property should have a property value as a result.
type: Class

has result
domain: Procedure Execution
comment: Links a procedure execution (e.g., an observation) to its result (e.g., a property value).
history note: V3.2.1: Introduced saref:hasResult as part of general will to make SAREF and SOSA/SSN converge.
type: ObjectProperty

made by
inverse of: made execution
domain: Procedure Execution
comment: Links a procedure execution to the entity (e.g., device) that made it.
range: Feature of interest
history note: V3.2.1: Introduce saref:madeBy (resp. saref:madeExecution) as generalization of saref:measurementMadeBy (resp. saref:makesMeasurement).
type: ObjectProperty

has device kind
domain: Device
comment: Links a device to its kind, a device kind. Kinds of devices describe models of devices, with common properties and common states having the same value, targeting the same properties and states, common functions, and common services.
range: Device kinds
sub property of: has feature kind
type: ObjectProperty

has manufacturer
comment: A relationship identifying the manufacturer of an entity (e.g., device). The value is expected to be a string or a string with language tag.
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Class
  union of: Feature kinds
  union of: Feature of interest
history note: V3.2.1: Defined domain of saref:hasManufacturer to union of feature kind and feature of interest.

Procedure Execution
comment: Represents the act of carrying out a procedure.
history note: V3.2.1: Introduced saref:ProcedureExecution.
type: Class

has operation
inverse of: is operation of
domain: Service
comment: Links a service to one of its operations.
range: Operation
type: ObjectProperty

has result time
domain: Procedure Execution
comment: Links a procedure execution to the instant of time when the activity was completed, expressed as an xsd:dateTime literal.
range: dateTime
history note: V3.2.1: Introduced saref:hasResultTime as part of general will to make SAREF and SOSA/SSN converge.
type: DatatypeProperty

stores
inverse of: is stored by
comment: Links a feature kind, feature of interest, or device, to the commodity it stores
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Class
  union of: Feature kinds
  union of: Feature of interest
  union of: Device kinds
  union of: Device
range: Commodity

has state kind
domain: State of Interest
comment: links a state of interest to its kind, a state
range: State
property chain axiom: has state kind
property chain axiom: broader
type: ObjectProperty

has profile
domain: Class
  union of: Device kinds
  union of: Device
comment: Links a device to its profile. Its inverse is saref:isProfileOf. The device should be linked to a certain commodity using OP saref:consumes, saref:produces, or saref:stores, and optionally to some property or state using OP saref:targets or its sub-properties.
range: Profile
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is profile of
history note: V3.2.1: Relaxed domain of saref:hasProfile to saref:FeatureKind or saref:Device

Operation Execution
subclass of: Procedure Execution
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Operation
  on property: is execution of
comment: Describes the execution of an operation in a network: the–machine interpretable– description of a communication between devices over the network. Typically, its input and result are network messages, that conform to the input and output of the executed operation.
type: Class

when property value
domain: Profile
comment: Links a profile to a property value that contributes to restricting its applicable context.
range: Property Value
type: ObjectProperty

has timestamp
comment: Links a procedure execution or a profile to an instant.
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Class
  union of: Procedure Execution
  union of: Profile
range: dateTime
history note: V3.2.1: Tried to clarify definition of saref:hasTimestamp. Still unclear.
note: Applied on a profile, it describes the applicable instant of that profile
note: When the execution time and the phenomenon time are the same time instants, then DP saref:hasTimestamp can be used to simply link a procedure execution to the time of these instants, expressed as an xsd:dateTime literal.

Task
comment: The goal for which a device is designed, from a user perspective.
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Task
  on property: broader
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Task
  on property: narrower
note: Tasks can be accomplished by devices (saref:isAccomplishedBy).
example: For example, a washing machine is designed for the task of washing.

represents
domain: Class
  union of: Service
  union of: Operation
comment: Links a service to some function or function of interest it exposes to the network. Also links an operation to some command or command of interest it exposes to the network.
range: Class
  union of: Function
  union of: Function of Interest
  union of: Command
  union of: Command Of Interest
type: ObjectProperty
history note: V3.2.1: Relaxed domain and range of saref:represents.

has mandatory command
domain: Function
comment: Links a function and one of its mandatory commands
history note: V3.2.1: Introduced mandatory and optional commands.
property chain axiom: broader
property chain axiom: has mandatory command
sub property of: has command
type: ObjectProperty

is property of interest of
inverse of: has property of interest
domain: Property of Interest
comment: Links a property of interest to the feature of interest it is a property of.
range: Feature of interest
type: FunctionalProperty
type: ObjectProperty

Actuator
subclass of: Device
subclass of: Restriction
  min cardinality: 1
  on property: controls
comment: A device designed to control one or more properties or states of one or more features of interest.
type: Class
history note: V3.2.1: Definition of Actuator is simplified and grounded on saref:controls. Local restriction on saref:hasFunction is deleted.

is value of state
domain: State Value
comment: Links a state value to the state or state of interest it is a value of.
range: Class
  union of: Feature kinds
  union of: Feature of interest
  union of: State of Interest
history note: V4.1.1: Introduced saref:isValueOfState.
property chain axiom: is value of state
property chain axiom: has state kind
type: ObjectProperty

has input
domain: Class
  union of: Command
  union of: Command Of Interest
  union of: Operation
  union of: Procedure Execution
comment: Links a command, operation, or procedure execution, to its inputs.
history note: V3.2.1: Introduced saref:hasInput and saref:hasOutput.
example: Different complementary commands can be defined for controlling a light. Turn on or off the light based on a desired state, toggle the light status of a specific light, set the luminosity level with a transition time, set the default transition time, start comfort.
type: ObjectProperty

is state of
inverse of: has state
domain: State
comment: Links a state to the feature kind or feature of interest it is a state of.
range: Class
  union of: Feature kinds
  union of: Feature of interest
history note: V3.2.1: Introduced saref:isStateOf.
type: ObjectProperty

is controlled by
inverse of: controls
comment: Links a feature, property, or state, to the device, function, command, or procedure execution, that controls it.
history note: V3.2.1: Introduced property saref:isControlledBy.
sub property of: is target of
type: ObjectProperty

has identifier
comment: Links some entity to its identifier. Extensions of SAREF may define sub-properties such as s4abcd:hasUUID, s4abcd:hasGTIN12, etc.
type: DatatypeProperty

accomplishes
inverse of: is accomplished by
comment: Links a certain entity (e.g., a device) to the task it accomplishes.
range: Task
type: ObjectProperty

State Value
comment: Describes the value for a state. The state value is optionally linked the states or states of interest it is a value of (OP saref:isValueOfState).
history note: V4.1.1: Introduced saref:StateValue.
type: Class

has revision number
comment: Links some entity (e.g., a device) to its revision number.
range: string
type: DatatypeProperty

has state of interest
inverse of: is state of interest of
domain: Feature of interest
comment: Links a feature of interest to one of its states of interest.
range: State of Interest
history note: V3.2.1: Introduced saref:hasStateOfInterest and saref:isStateOfInterestOf, parallel to saref:hasPropertyOfInterest and saref:isPropertyOfInterestOf.
type: ObjectProperty

controls
inverse of: is controlled by
domain: Class
  union of: Device kinds
  union of: Actuator
  union of: Function
  union of: Function of Interest
  union of: Command
  union of: Command Of Interest
  union of: Actuation
comment: Links a device, function, command, or procedure execution, to the feature, property, or state, it controls.
history note: V3.2.1: Introduced property saref:controls, as sub-property of saref:targets. and generalization of saref:controlsProperty.
sub property of: targets
type: ObjectProperty

Appliance
subclass of: Device
comment: A device designed to accomplish a particular task for occupant use. It consumes, produces, or stores, some commodity.
type: Class
history note: V3.2.1: Definition of saref:Appliance is grounded on tasks and commodities.

State of Interest
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is state of interest of
  cardinality: 1
comment: Identifiable conditions that features of interest are or may be in, and that can be target of devices, such as observed and controlled. An instance of saref:StateOfInterest is specific to a feature of interest. It is inherent to and cannot exist without that feature of interest.
history note: V3.2.1: Introduced saref:StateOfInterest, parallel to saref:PropertyOfInterest.
note: Per convention, the IRI of states of interest should consist of the IRI of their feature of interest, suffixed with a fragment identifier #{S} where {S} refers to the name of the state.
note: A state of interest is the state of (OP saref:isStateOfInterestOf) exactly one feature of interest.
note: States of interest need not always be explicited. It depends on the use case. Typically, states of interest are useful in applications, where the association between a feature of interest and a state (i.e., the state of interest) needs to be identified and related to other states of interest.
type: Class

is command of interest of
inverse of: has command of interest
domain: Command Of Interest
comment: Links a command of interest to the function of interest it is a command of.
range: Function of Interest
type: FunctionalProperty
type: ObjectProperty

is profile of
inverse of: has profile
domain: Profile
comment: Links a profile to the device it describes. The device should be linked to a certain commodity using OP saref:consumes, saref:produces, or saref:stores, and optionally to some property or state using OP saref:targets or its sub-properties.
range: Class
  union of: Device kinds
  union of: Device
type: ObjectProperty

has output
domain: Class
  union of: Command
  union of: Command Of Interest
  union of: Operation
comment: Links a command or operation to its outputs.
example: Different complementary commands can be defined for observing a smart home. Observe the temperature once will output the indoor temperature property; observe status of the entry door will output an open/close state.
type: ObjectProperty